Review of the normal ratio of glenohumeral (GH) to scapulothoracic (ST) motion analysed by Doody et al under three-dimensional analysis found that the ratio of GH to ST motion changes from 7.3: 1 in the first 30° of elevation to 0.78: 1 between 90 and 150°. Upward rotation is primary and posterior tilt secondary during normal overhead UE elevation with internal/external rotation being minimal until 100°. The primary movements consist of two translations: superior/inferior, and protraction/ retraction, as well as three rotations: upward/downward, internal/external, and anterior/posterior. Typical movement of the scapula occurs in the sagittal, coronal, and transverse planes.
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